Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a security measure that provides an additional layer of protection beyond simple passwords. In this article, we will dive into the world of 2FA, explore its various names and provide examples of its implementation in different environments.
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What is Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)?
Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a security method that requires users to provide two forms of verification when accessing an account, service or device. By combining something the user knows (e.g. a password) with something the user owns or inherently possesses (e.g. a physical token or biometric identifier), 2FA adds an extra layer of security that makes it more difficult for unauthorised users to gain access.
Different names for two-factor authentication
- Multi-factor authentication (MFA): MFA is a more general term that encompasses 2FA. While 2FA refers specifically to the use of two authentication factors, MFA can include any number of factors, including three or more.
- Two-step verification (2FV): Although 2FA and 2FV are often interchangeable, they are not identical. 2SV refers to a process that involves two consecutive steps, such as receiving a one-time passcode (OTP) via SMS after entering a password. However, 2FA and 2SV aim to provide an additional layer of security.
- Two-factor authentication: This term is a synonym for 2FA and is often used to emphasise the use of two different factors in the authentication process.
Examples of two-factor authentication
- SMS-based 2FA: With this method, a one-time passcode (OTP) is sent by SMS to the user’s registered mobile phone number. After entering the password, the user must enter the OTP to complete the authentication process. Although SMS-based 2FA is widely used, it is not the most secure option due to the risk of SIM swapping or interception.
- Authentication apps: Applications such as Google Authenticator, Microsoft Authenticator and Authy generate time-based one-time passcodes (TOTP) that users enter after entering their password. These apps offer a more secure alternative to SMS-based 2FA, as the OTPs are generated locally on the user’s device and are therefore less vulnerable to eavesdropping. Make sure you have a backup, because if you lose your phone with your authentication app, you could lose access to your online accounts. Authy has a cloud backup.
- Hardware tokens: These physical devices generate unique, one-time-use passcodes that users enter in addition to their passwords. Examples include YubiKey and RSA SecurID. Hardware tokens offer a high level of security as they are not connected to the internet and are therefore immune to hacking attempts. Keep backups of these keys ready in case you lose them.
- Biometric authentication: With this form of 2FA, unique biological characteristics of the user, such as fingerprints, facial recognition or iris scans, are used to authenticate their identity. Biometric authentication is considered extremely secure as these features are difficult to copy or steal.
- Push notifications: Some services, such as Duo Security or Apple’s iCloud, use push notifications to confirm login attempts. After entering the password, users receive a notification on their trusted device asking them to confirm or reject the login attempt.
The following video explains two-factor authentication in simple terms (source: BSI Federal Ministry for Security):
Two-factor authentication and its many names are critical to securing digital accounts and assets. By requiring multiple forms of verification, 2FA significantly reduces the risk of unauthorised access and gives users greater peace of mind. As the digital world continues to grow and cyber threats evolve, it’s imperative to take security measures like 2FA to protect sensitive information and maintain a safe online presence.
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